Autism: A Neurodevelopmental Disorder and Its Main Features. Dr. Narmin Azizova

Articles in English
20 İyun 2025

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects an individual’s social communication, behavior, and areas of interest. It typically becomes noticeable in early childhood and may persist throughout life. It is referred to as a “spectrum” because the type and severity of symptoms can vary widely between individuals.

Global prevalence and statistics

  • According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 1 in 100 children globally has autism spectrum disorder (WHO, 2023).
  • The S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported in 2023 that 1 in 36 children in the United States is diagnosed with ASD.
  • In Europe, an estimated 5 million people are living with autism spectrum disorder (Autism-Europe, 2022).

Autism is about four times more common in boys than in girls. Because ASD encompasses a wide range of symptoms and levels of impairment, no two individuals are affected in exactly the same way.

Autism in Azerbaijan: local perspective

In Azerbaijan, official data on ASD is limited. However, national institutions such as the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection have recently initiated awareness and early intervention programs.

  • As of 2023, around 3,000 children have been registered with ASD, although the actual number is likely higher due to underdiagnosis.
  • There is still a shortage of specialized diagnostic and intervention centers.
  • While resource centers operate in Baku and several other regions, inclusive education opportunities remain limited and need further development.

Core symptoms of autism

While autism may manifest in diverse ways, the primary symptoms generally fall into three categories:

1. Difficulties with social communication

  • Poor eye contact
  • Trouble understanding others’ emotions and showing empathy
  • Difficulty maintaining relationships or engaging in reciprocal conversation
  • Struggles with following social rules (e.g., taking turns, initiating dialogue)

2. Repetitive behaviors and restricted interests

  • Repetitive movements or actions (e.g., hand flapping)
  • Intense focus on limited topics or activities
  • Resistance to change and strong preference for routines

3. Sensory processing differences

  • Hypersensitivity to sounds, lights, touch, or smells
  • In some cases, decreased sensitivity (e.g., reduced response to pain)

Causes of autism

The exact cause of autism remains unknown, but researchers believe both genetic and environmental factors play a role:

  • Genetic mutations and inherited traits are found in many children with ASD.
  • Prenatal factors, such as infections, medications, or environmental toxins, may contribute.
  • Early life developmental delays and environmental exposures may also increase risk.

Diagnosis and early intervention

ASD is typically diagnosed through clinical observation, developmental screenings, and reports from parents or caregivers. The process often involves pediatric neurologists, child psychologists, or developmental specialists.

Common intervention strategies:

  • Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) therapy
  • Speech and language therapy
  • Individualized education programs (IEPs)
  • Training and support for families and teachers

Support for individuals with autism

Ensuring the integration of children and adults with ASD into society requires coordinated support. Key strategies include:

  • Early and personalized education plans
  • Social skills development programs
  • Involvement of support specialists in schools
  • Parent and teacher training
  • Vocational and community adaptation services for older individuals

Conclusion

Autism is a unique way of experiencing and interacting with the world. With early diagnosis, tailored intervention, and continuous support, individuals with ASD can achieve their potential, pursue education, and actively participate in society.

References

  1. World Health Organization (2023). Autism spectrum disorders – Key facts
  2. CDC (2023). Data and statistics on autism spectrum disorder. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html
  3. Autism-Europe AISBL (2022). Autism in Europe
  4. UNICEF (2021). Children with disabilities
  5. Ministry of Education of the Republic of Azerbaijan. https://www.tehsil.gov.az