Essential Screening Tests for Newborns: A Vital Step for a Healthy Future

Essential Screening Tests for Newborns: A Vital Step for a Healthy Future

Dr. Narmin Azizova

Newborn screening tests play a crucial role in detecting serious health conditions early in life, allowing for timely intervention and treatment. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), newborn screening programs have significantly reduced infant mortality rates and improved long-term health outcomes. Below are the essential screening tests that every newborn should undergo:

1. Heel Prick Test (Newborn Blood Spot Test)

The heel prick test involves taking a few drops of blood from the baby’s heel, which is absorbed onto a special filter paper and analyzed for metabolic disorders. This test is ideally conducted between 3 to 7 days after birth. The screening helps detect serious congenital conditions, including:

• Phenylketonuria (PKU) – a rare disorder that can cause intellectual disability if untreated.
• Cystic Fibrosis (CF) – a genetic disorder affecting the lungs and digestive system.
• Biotinidase Deficiency – a condition that can cause neurological and skin problems.
• Congenital Hypothyroidism – a thyroid hormone deficiency that may lead to developmental delays.
• Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (G6PD) – an enzyme disorder that can cause jaundice and anemia.

According to WHO, newborn metabolic screening has significantly reduced complications related to these disorders by ensuring early diagnosis and treatment. Studies show that in countries with advanced screening programs, disorders like PKU and congenital hypothyroidism have been almost completely prevented through early dietary or hormonal interventions.

2. Hearing Screening Test

Hearing loss is one of the most common congenital conditions, affecting 1 to 6 per 1,000 newborns. Early detection is essential, as untreated hearing impairment can lead to speech and language delays. Risk factors for neonatal hearing loss include:

• Family history of hearing loss.
• Low birth weight.
• Neonatal jaundice (hyperbilirubinemia).
• Use of ototoxic medications.
• Neonatal infections like sepsis or meningitis.
• Low Apgar scores or prolonged mechanical ventilation.

The best time to perform a hearing test is 12 to 24 hours after birth, ideally while the baby is naturally asleep. The screening should detect hearing loss of 30 decibels (dB) or more, which could affect speech and language development. Pediatriya.az recommends that if abnormalities are detected, parents should seek further diagnostic audiological evaluations without delay.

3. Vision Screening Test

Newborn vision screening is primarily conducted using the red reflex test, which can help detect various eye disorders, including:

• Congenital Cataracts – clouding of the eye lens, which can cause blindness if not treated early.
• Glaucoma – increased eye pressure that can damage the optic nerve.
• Retinoblastoma – a rare but serious eye cancer in infants.
• Retinal Diseases – abnormalities in the retina that may impact vision.
• Severe Refractive Errors – conditions that may require early corrective measures.

The examination is performed by placing an ophthalmoscope approximately 30-45 cm from the baby’s eye. A normal red reflex should be observed symmetrically in both eyes. If no reflex or an abnormal reflex is detected, immediate referral to a specialist is recommended. WHO suggests that newborn vision screening should be conducted within the first three months of life for early identification of potential issues.

4. Hip Dysplasia Screening

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a condition where the hip joint is improperly formed. If left untreated, it can lead to lifelong mobility problems. Risk factors for DDH include:

• Breech birth position.
• Family history of hip dysplasia.
• Firstborn female infants (higher risk due to maternal hormones affecting ligaments).
• Oligohydramnios (low amniotic fluid levels during pregnancy).

To diagnose DDH, pediatricians perform Ortolani and Barlow tests, but these physical exams alone may not be sufficient. An ultrasound examination is recommended within the first 4 to 6 weeks after birth to confirm the diagnosis, especially for at-risk infants. Early treatment with a Pavlik harness or other orthopedic interventions can prevent long-term complications.

Expert Recommendations from Pediatriya.az:

• Parents should ensure all screening tests are completed within the recommended timeframe.
• Early intervention saves lives – if a screening test indicates an issue, follow up immediately with a specialist.
• Awareness is key – many serious conditions detected through newborn screening are treatable if diagnosed early.
• Do not delay vaccinations – timely immunization protects newborns from preventable diseases.

Final Thoughts:
Newborn screening tests are a vital investment in your child’s future health. As recommended by WHO and Pediatriya.az, every baby should receive comprehensive screening to detect and address health issues early. With proper screening and timely intervention, we can ensure a healthier and brighter future for our children.