Cat Scratch Disease: causes, symptoms, and prevention. Dr. Narmin Azizova, Dr. Ali Guliyev

2-5 yaş Digər məqalələr Xəbərlər
18 Fevral 2025

Cat Scratch Disease: Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention

Dr. Narmin Azizova
Neonatologist, Department of Neonatal Resuscitation and Intensive Therapy, Scientific Research Institute of Pediatrics named after K.Y. Farajova; Department of Pediatrics I, Azerbaijan Medical University; Founder, Pediatriya.az

Dr. Ali Guliyev
PhD in Medicine, Specialist in Pediatrics, Head of the Pediatrics Department, MedEra Hospital

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What is Cat Scratch Disease?

As the name suggests, Cat Scratch Disease (CSD) is an infectious illness that can occur after a cat scratch or bite. The disease is caused by the bacterium Bartonella henselae. While most infected cats show no symptoms, they can still carry and spread the bacteria through their claws, teeth, and even fleas or ticks.

CSD is most common in children aged 5 to 14 years, and cases tend to increase during the warmer months. Studies show that up to 40% of cats carry Bartonella henselae at some point in their lives. However, cats themselves do not usually develop any symptoms.

The global incidence of Cat Scratch Disease is estimated to be 4.7 cases per 100,000 people per year, with higher rates in regions where cats are common household pets. In the United States alone, approximately 12,500 people are diagnosed with CSD annually, and 500 of them require hospitalization due to complications.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), zoonotic diseases like CSD are an important public health concern. WHO emphasizes the need for proper pet hygiene and flea control to minimize transmission risks.

How Does Cat Scratch Disease Spread?

  • Scratches and bites from infected cats
    • Fleas and ticks that carry Bartonella henselae
    • Open wounds exposed to contaminated saliva

    Studies have found that flea infestations in cats increase the likelihood of transmission, and up to 90% of CSD cases in humans are linked to flea-infested cats.

Symptoms of Cat Scratch Disease

Symptoms of CSD typically appear 3 to 14 days after the scratch or bite and may include:

• Skin changes: A small red bump or blister at the site of the scratch
• Swollen lymph nodes: Usually in the underarm, neck, or groin area
• Fever
• Fatigue and weakness
• Loss of appetite and weight loss
• Muscle and joint pain
• Headaches
• Eye redness (conjunctivitis) and swollen lymph nodes near the ear
• Spleen enlargement (splenomegaly) in severe cases

Possible Complications

While most people recover without treatment, complications can develop, especially in those with weak immune systems. These include:

• Arthritis (joint inflammation)
• Meningitis (brain inflammation), leading to seizures or paralysis
• Endocarditis (infection of the heart’s inner lining), which can affect heart valves
• Osteomyelitis (bone infection), causing severe pain and swelling

Studies indicate that 5-14% of CSD cases may involve complications requiring medical attention. Individuals with suppressed immune systems have a 25% higher risk of severe complications.

Diagnosis of Cat Scratch Disease

Doctors diagnose CSD using:

• Serologic tests (blood tests to detect antibodies)
• PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) tests to identify Bartonella henselae DNA

In cases where symptoms persist or complications arise, imaging tests such as ultrasound or CT scans may be used.

Treatment and Management

For healthy individuals, CSD often resolves within 2 to 6 weeks without treatment. However, certain groups require special care:

• Children under 5 years old
• Individuals with weakened immune systems (e.g., cancer or HIV patients)

Home care tips:
• Wash all cat scratches and bites immediately with soap and running water.
• Avoid letting cats lick open wounds.
• Use pain relievers if swollen lymph nodes cause discomfort.
• Keep the affected limb elevated to reduce swelling.

Medical treatment:
• If fever persists or lymph nodes remain swollen for a long time, antibiotics may be prescribed.
• In rare cases, surgery may be required to drain large lymph node swellings.
• Studies show that azithromycin treatment can reduce lymph node swelling duration by 50%.

Prevention Tips

  • Teach children to handle cats gently to avoid scratches and bites.
    • Avoid rough play, especially with kittens.
    • Wash hands after touching a cat.
    • Control fleas and ticks in pets with regular veterinary care.
    • Keep your child’s vaccinations up to date, especially tetanus.

    Research indicates that owners who use flea prevention in their cats reduce the risk of CSD by up to 80%.

Conclusion

Cat Scratch Disease is a relatively mild illness in most cases, but it can lead to severe complications in people with weakened immune systems. Understanding the risks, symptoms, and preventive measures is essential for reducing the likelihood of infection.

According to the World Health Organization, maintaining proper hygiene when handling pets and ensuring regular veterinary care are crucial steps in preventing zoonotic diseases like CSD. By following simple precautions, such as washing hands after playing with pets and controlling fleas, families can enjoy the benefits of pet ownership while minimizing health risks.

If symptoms persist or worsen, seeking medical advice is important for timely diagnosis and treatment.