Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Hyperactivity Syndrome: A Comprehensive Overview. By Dr. Narmin Azizova

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12 Mart 2025

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that can persist throughout life, affecting social, academic, and psychological well-being. It is primarily characterized by excessive hyperactivity, attention difficulties, and impulsivity.

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, ADHD affects approximately 3-5% of school-aged children, while global prevalence rates suggest that around 5-7% of the population may experience this disorder. The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes ADHD as a significant mental health concern, emphasizing the need for early diagnosis and intervention to prevent long-term social and occupational difficulties.

Symptoms and Diagnosis of ADHD

Children with ADHD struggle with self-regulation, attention span, and impulse control. They are often described as “constantly on the move,” “daydreamers,” “acting without thinking,” or “forgetful.” To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must appear before the age of 7, persist for at least six months, and be observed in multiple settings (e.g., home, school, and social environments).

ADHD is more commonly diagnosed in boys, where hyperactive-impulsive behaviors are predominant. In girls, inattentiveness is often more noticeable, making diagnosis more challenging. However, it is crucial to distinguish ADHD symptoms from normal childhood behavior, as not all active children have ADHD. The symptoms should be significantly more severe than expected for a child’s age and should impact daily functioning.

Types of ADHD

ADHD is categorized into three subtypes based on predominant symptoms:

  1. Hyperactive-Impulsive Type: Characterized by excessive movement, impulsivity, and difficulty in self-regulation.
  2. Inattentive Type: Marked by distractibility, forgetfulness, and difficulty sustaining attention.
  3. Combined Type: A mix of both hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattention.

Understanding ADHD Symptoms

ADHD symptoms evolve with age. In infancy and early childhood, hyperactive children may show increased movement even in the womb. As they grow older, their impulsivity leads to behaviors such as interrupting conversations, answering questions before they are completed, or running into dangerous situations without considering consequences.

Inattention symptoms, commonly identified during school years, include difficulty in following instructions, inability to stay focused, losing necessary items, and struggling with organization. These children often have trouble completing tasks, making careless mistakes in schoolwork, and following structured routines.

ADHD is also associated with long-term challenges:

  • 32-40% of children with ADHD drop out of school early.
  • Only 5-10% complete higher education.
  • 50-70% struggle with making and maintaining friendships.
  • 70-80% experience difficulties in their work life.
  • 40-50% have an increased risk of engaging in antisocial behaviors.
  • 20-30% are at risk of developing depression.
  • 18-25% may exhibit personality disorders.
  • Individuals with ADHD are more likely to engage in risky behaviors, including substance use.

Associated Conditions

Children with ADHD often experience coexisting conditions such as:

  • Behavioral disorders
  • Depression
  • Anxiety disorders
  • Learning disabilities (e.g., dyslexia, dyscalculia)
  • Developmental delays in motor skills
  • Sleep disturbances
  • Tic disorders

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosing ADHD involves a comprehensive evaluation, including clinical observation, psychological assessments, and input from parents and teachers. There are no specific laboratory tests for ADHD, making professional evaluation critical.

Effective treatment includes a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating:

  • Parental education and behavioral therapy to help manage symptoms.
  • Psychological interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to improve impulse control and social skills.
  • Medication, including stimulant and non-stimulant options, which can significantly reduce symptoms and improve functioning.
  • Support from teachers and caregivers to create structured learning environments and provide consistent guidance.

The WHO emphasizes that early intervention is key to managing ADHD successfully. Without treatment, affected individuals are at higher risk of academic struggles, social rejection, employment difficulties, and mental health issues later in life.

Guidance for Parents of Children with ADHD

Parenting a child with ADHD can be challenging, but implementing structured strategies can help manage symptoms effectively. Here are 17 key recommendations for parents:

  1. Avoid comparisons with other children and recognize your child’s unique strengths and challenges.
  2. Establish clear rules and routines adapted to your child’s abilities. Write them down and place them in visible areas.
  3. Show unconditional love and support, even when discipline is necessary.
  4. Spend quality time with your child beyond academic tasks.
  5. Maintain eye contact when speaking to ensure they feel heard and valued.
  6. Practice patience and understand that ADHD-related behaviors are not intentional.
  7. Reinforce positive behaviors through praise and meaningful rewards.
  8. Provide frequent reminders to help with focus and task completion.
  9. Use non-verbal cues alongside verbal instructions to reinforce expectations.
  10. Foster self-confidence by encouraging strengths and interests.
  11. Avoid overwhelming your child with excessive demands.
  12. Refrain from using negative labels like “lazy” or “spoiled.”
  13. Handle conflicts calmly, as excessive arguing may worsen the situation.
  14. Seek early diagnosis and treatment, as intervention improves long-term outcomes.
  15. Collaborate with teachers and mental health professionals for a comprehensive support plan.
  16. Encourage structured activities that promote focus, such as sports or music.
  17. Prioritize self-care as a parent, as supporting a child with ADHD requires patience and emotional resilience.

Conclusion

ADHD is a lifelong condition that, with proper management, can be significantly improved. Early diagnosis, combined with medical, psychological, and educational support, plays a crucial role in ensuring affected individuals lead successful and fulfilling lives. Awareness and understanding of ADHD will help reduce stigma and improve outcomes for children and adults alike.